Linguists sometimes distinguish between a preposition, which precedes its phrase, a postposition, which follows its phrase, and a circumposition, which surrounds its phrase. Taken together, these three parts of speech are called adpositions. In more technical language, an adposition is an element that, prototypically, combines syntactically with a phrase and indicates how that phrase should be interpreted in the surrounding context. Some linguists use the word "preposition" instead of "adposition" for all three cases.[1]
In linguistics, adpositions are considered to be members of the syntactic category "P". "PPs",[2] consisting of an adpositional head and its complement phrase, are used for a wide range of syntactic and semantic functions, most commonly modification and complementation. The following examples illustrate some uses of English prepositional phrases:
- as a modifier to a verb
- sleep throughout the winter
- danced atop the tables for hours
- as a modifier to a noun
- the weather in April
- cheese from France with live bacteria
- as the complement of a verb
- insist on staying home
- dispose of unwanted items
- as the complement of a noun
- a thirst for revenge
- an amendment to the constitution
- as the complement of an adjective or adverb
- attentive to their needs
- separately from its neighbors
- as the complement of another preposition
- until after supper
- from beneath the bed
Adpositions perform many of the same functions as case markings, but adpositions are syntactic elements, while case markings are morphological elements.
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